Just the facts ma'am ...
Tip of the iceberg list of medical references supporting trans-gender people through biology, genetics and neuroscience.
Because there are some people in facebook land who have the attention span of a fly, I decided to put all my trans-gender medical related studies and references here and remove my lengthy dissertation on various topics.
The reason why I have this huge list in the first place is because smart people have smart hobbies, I got bored with building rockets, quantum teleports and curing the common cold was something I did during a coffee break. So anyway, here is a bunch of medical science facts about trans-gender people, why they are them, how they are them, why they aren't "MEN" even though they were born "mostly" male, etc etc etc.
One obvious thing to remember is that being trans-gender isn't just a MALE to FEMALE transition, that is only HALF the community, the other half that we should NOT forget about are trans-men, they are born in a female body with a boy brain and therefore they are FEMALE to MALE transitioning.
Happy reading ...
These next 10 genetics and endo studies are SOME new ones just for 2026
The big twin study
Using twin data to examine heritable and intrauterine hormonal influences on transgender and gender diverse identities
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40594415
2026 identical-twin case report
Monozygotic Transgender Male Twins: A Case Report Highlighting Genetic Concordance in Gender Dysphoria
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-06265-6
A systematic review of twin research
Genetic and Environmental Contributions to Gender Diversity: A Systematic Review of the Twin Literature
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40938572
Very interesting 2026 brain study
Comparing local brain activity and distant functional connectivity in transgender women compared to cisgender controls
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-40083-8
2026 neuroanatomical study
Cortical structure and brain size in Thai transfeminine individuals with and without gender-affirming hormone use, examines transfeminine people with and without hormone therapy
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42501784
2026 study directly relevant to my estrogen/physiology white paper
Systemic vascular and organ functions in transgender women receiving feminizing hormone therapy
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42241669
2026 insulin-sensitivity/proteomics study
Insulin Sensitivity and Associated Plasma Proteomics During Sex Hormone Therapy
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41120110
2026 cytokine/inflammation study
Cytokine dynamics following initiation of gender-affirming hormone therapy in transgender subjects
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41187090
2026 cardiovascular outcomes study
Transgender persons receiving gender-affirming hormone therapy: risk of acute cardiovascular events in a Dutch cohort study
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41187090
2026 metabolic signaling study
The European Journal of Endocrinology, Cardio-metabolic signaling pathways before and after gender affirming hormone therapy
https://academic.oup.com/ejendo/article/195/Supplement_1/lvag096.1577/8756373
Neuroscience (core) - how the brain works with trans-gender people
https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/is-there-something-unique-about-the-transgender-brain/https://neurosciencenews.com/transgender-brain-9234/
Environmental changes to the brain ... (Yes the brain changes over time)
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5953012/
https://themedium.ca/the-brain-science-of-being-transgender/
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-17352-8
https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/sociology/articles/10.3389/fsoc.2021.608328/full
https://www.jneurosci.org/content/40/1/37
https://www.identiversity.org/topics/transgender-people/neuroscience-transgender-research
this shows that trans-gender people have their own potential unique brain structure, i.e. a trans-woman isn't a boy ...
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1743609521004252
Men's and women's brains wired differently ...
https://stanmed.stanford.edu/how-mens-and-womens-brains-are-different/
Neuroscience (brain scans) - how trans gender people are close to their gender
Sex differences in brain anatomy, 2000 brain scans ...https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/sex-differences-brain-anatomy
brain waves are different in men and women ...
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0304394013000037
Biological sex classification with structural MRI data ...
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41386-020-0666-3
Brain Sex in Transgender Women Is Shifted towards Gender Identity ...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8955456/
https://www.science.org/content/article/brain-imaging-study-children-shows-sex-and-gender-operate-different-networks-brain
European society of endocrinology ...
https://www.ese-hormones.org/media/ei0psrhz/transgender-brains-are-more-like-their-desired-gender-from-an-early-age.pdf
Reference to European brain scan study ...
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/05/180524112351.htm
Brazilian study initially supports bias towards a difference in brain structure ...
https://agencia.fapesp.br/study-investigates-brain-structure-of-transgender-people-/27325
Structural, Functional, and Metabolic Brain Differences as a Function of Gender Identity ...
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10508-021-02005-9
Genetics / Molecular basis - DNA encoding and how trans happens biologically
https://hudson.org.au/news/written-in-dna-study-reveals-potential-biological-basis-for-transgender/Results of above study … https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30247609/
https://neurosciencenews.com/transgender-brain-9234/
Molecular basis of Gender Dysphoria ...
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30165284/
CpG Methylation Pattern of the ESR1 Gene Promoter ...
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32636163/
This study states a possible less of an impact of the 46 XY SRY mutation, but still may be a causality ...
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25124466/
brain indicates they are one sex and their body another ...
https://jagwire.augusta.edu/gene-variants-provide-insight-into-brain-body-incongruence-in-transgender/
Pregnant woman for third time finds out she has a predominantly male chromosome ...
https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/sex-redefined-the-idea-of-2-sexes-is-overly-simplistic1/
Biology - some more basic biology studies
Sex isn't entirely binary, male, female, and ...https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10842549/
https://www.radcliffe.harvard.edu/news-and-ideas/ideology-versus-biology
https://theconversation.com/are-trans-women-biologically-male-the-answer-is-complicated-244465
Social - less medical related but how things happen socially.
general acceptance of the LGBTQ community is supported by 3 out of 5 Americans ... meaning homophobes and transphobes are a minority group of whiny babies.https://glaad.org/accelerating-acceptance-2025/
How many genders are there exactly ...
https://www.medicinenet.com/what_are_the_72_other_genders/article.htm
https://juliaserano.medium.com/debunking-trans-women-are-not-women-arguments-85fd5ab0e19c
Trans-gender offenses in bathrooms (UK 2025) ...
https://translucent.org.uk/how-many-complaints-about-trans-women-using-toilets/
Cis-gender male offenses (2025 UK) ...
https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/crimeandjustice/articles/sexualoffencesvictimcharacteristicsenglandandwales/yearendingmarch2025
References ...
1 https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/press/ga-trans-suicide-press-release/2 https://hsph.harvard.edu/news/gender-affirming-surgeries-rarely-performed-on-transgender-youth/
3 https://endsexualviolencect.org/fighting-anti-lgbtq-grooming-rhetoric/
4 page 3 https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/SORS-LGBTQ-May-2022.pdf
5 https://www.theguardian.com/society/2020/jul/17/trans-people-twice-as-likely-to-be-victims-of-in-england-and-wales
6 https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/publications/safety-in-restrooms-and-facilites/
7 https://www.pbs.org/newshour/health/fewer-than-0-1-percent-of-u-s-adolescents-receive-gender-affirming-medications-report-finds
8 https://www.them.us/story/trans-americans-transition-survey-transphobia
9 https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6626314/
10 https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9621289/
11 https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/web/RCMD/studies/37229
12 https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/press/ncvs-trans-press-release/
13 https://www.erininthemorning.com/p/fact-check-lists-claiming-hundreds
14 https://www.outsports.com/2024/12/6/22948400/transgender-trans-athlete-championship-national-world-title/
15 https://www.sf.gov/trans-women-in-sports-facts-over-fear
16 https://www.aclu.org/news/lgbtq-rights/four-myths-about-trans-athletes-debunked
17 https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8944319/
18 https://www.athleteally.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/CCES_Transgender-Women-Athletes-and-Elite-Sport-A-Scientific-Review-2.pdf
19 https://glaad.org/transgender/transfaq/
20 https://www.gob.mx/salud/prensa/a-study-made-in-mexico-proves-that-the-transgender-is-a-condition-not-a-mental-disease
21 https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2016/09/28/3-public-split-over-bathroom-use-by-transgender-people/
22 Truth about biology
23 https://translucent.org.uk/what-foi-data-shows-about-trans-women-in-single-sex-spaces/
24 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30247609/
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